Model 1805 Royal Spanish Navy Officer Uniform. Santiago de Liniers was a naval officer in the Spanish service
Entrada en la ciudad de Quito de las tropas espanolas remitidas por el Virrey del Perú en 1809
View of the Spanish troops’ entrance in the city of Quito in 1809. Photo: Wikipedia.
View of the Spanish troops’ entrance in the city of Quito in 1809. Photo: Wikipedia.
It has many details of what was the uniform of the royalist troops in 1909. In particular, you can see how the fixed battalions of that time dressed. Bicorne, blue jacket with Carmine color lapels and canvas ammo bags. In this period painting you can also see the sleeve caps on the artillerymen.
That painting by Francisco Javier Cortés is a goldmine because it shows the "Old World" Spanish regulations meeting the "New World" reality. The details you pointed out—the bicorne and the dark red (carmine) lapels—are the "smoking gun" for the Spanish Regulation of 1802/1805.
1. The "Fijo" (Fixed Battalion). The troops you see with the bicornes and dark red lapels are likely the Batallón Real de Lima or similar "Fixed" units. Under the 1802 Regulation. It was a deep blue (azul turquí) with carmine (a dark, purplish red) on the lapels, cuffs, and collar. It still followed the "long-tail" Bourbon style, designed to be worn with the bicorne.
By 1809, the "hat" (sombrero de dos picos) was still the official headgear for the Spanish heavy infantry, even as light infantry and "modern" units across the Atlantic were shifting to the cylindrical morrión/shako.
That painting by Francisco Javier Cortés is a goldmine because it shows the "Old World" Spanish regulations meeting the "New World" reality. The details you pointed out—the bicorne and the dark red (carmine) lapels—are the "smoking gun" for the Spanish Regulation of 1802/1805.
1. The "Fijo" (Fixed Battalion). The troops you see with the bicornes and dark red lapels are likely the Batallón Real de Lima or similar "Fixed" units. Under the 1802 Regulation. It was a deep blue (azul turquí) with carmine (a dark, purplish red) on the lapels, cuffs, and collar. It still followed the "long-tail" Bourbon style, designed to be worn with the bicorne.
By 1809, the "hat" (sombrero de dos picos) was still the official headgear for the Spanish heavy infantry, even as light infantry and "modern" units across the Atlantic were shifting to the cylindrical morrión/shako.
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1812. Colonel Antonio Ortiz de Ocampo.
Francisco Antonio Ortiz de Ocampo (often just called Francisco Ocampo) had been the commander of the Arribeños since 1808. When they became the 2nd Infantry Regiment, he remained their spiritual and military leader, eventually becoming the first "General of the Argentine Army." Note that the uniform worn by Ocampo in 1812 is not so different from the one seen in Cortes' painting of the entry of the royalist troops into Quito in 1808 |
Brigadier Cornelio Saavedra by Bernardo Marcel 1835.
The bicorne, or bicorn hat (meaning "two-cornered"), is a historic form of hat that was widely adopted in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as a uniform item by European and American military and naval officers, diplomats, and civilian officials.
Evolution from the Tricorn: The bicorne evolved from the three-cornered tricorne hat in the second half of the 18th century as the front brim progressively shrank. It typically had a broad brim, with the front and rear halves turned up and pinned together to form a semi-circular fan shape. Early versions could be folded flat (known as a chapeau-bras or "hat for the arm") so they could be conveniently tucked under the arm when not worn.
The bicorne is most famously associated with Napoleon Bonaparte, who owned over 100 during his lifetime. Unlike most officers who wore their hats with the points facing front-to-back ("en colonne"), Napoleon wore his sideways, with the points parallel to his shoulders ("en bataille"). This made him instantly recognizable to his troops on the battlefield.
The hat survived as full-dress headwear until the early 20th century in most navies but largely disappeared from active service after World War I, replaced by more practical headgear like the peaked cap or the garrison cap.
Today, the bicorne is primarily a ceremonial item for specific office holders and in certain academic or diplomatic contexts:
Italian Carabinieri: The Italian Carabinieri still wear the bicorne as part of their modern full dress uniform. Certain UK office-holders, such as the Major-General commanding the Household Division at the annual Trooping the Colour, wear a plumed "cocked hat" (the English term for the bicorne). Colonial officers, etc.
Students at the prestigious French École Polytechnique still wear the bicorne as part of their Grand Uniforme.
Evolution from the Tricorn: The bicorne evolved from the three-cornered tricorne hat in the second half of the 18th century as the front brim progressively shrank. It typically had a broad brim, with the front and rear halves turned up and pinned together to form a semi-circular fan shape. Early versions could be folded flat (known as a chapeau-bras or "hat for the arm") so they could be conveniently tucked under the arm when not worn.
The bicorne is most famously associated with Napoleon Bonaparte, who owned over 100 during his lifetime. Unlike most officers who wore their hats with the points facing front-to-back ("en colonne"), Napoleon wore his sideways, with the points parallel to his shoulders ("en bataille"). This made him instantly recognizable to his troops on the battlefield.
The hat survived as full-dress headwear until the early 20th century in most navies but largely disappeared from active service after World War I, replaced by more practical headgear like the peaked cap or the garrison cap.
Today, the bicorne is primarily a ceremonial item for specific office holders and in certain academic or diplomatic contexts:
Italian Carabinieri: The Italian Carabinieri still wear the bicorne as part of their modern full dress uniform. Certain UK office-holders, such as the Major-General commanding the Household Division at the annual Trooping the Colour, wear a plumed "cocked hat" (the English term for the bicorne). Colonial officers, etc.
Students at the prestigious French École Polytechnique still wear the bicorne as part of their Grand Uniforme.
Mabuel Gral Belgrano by Pablo Ducros Hicken 1903.
Gral San Martin bi Gil de Castro 1817.
Gral Las Heras with Argentine Independence War officer uniform, oil paint canvas. Right: Juan Gregorio Las Heras daguerreotype. with Chilean Army General around 1850, and French 1st Empire style General bicorn.
iArgentine Confederation - Gral Pacheco (Independence War and War against Brazil veteran), oil paint canvas by Reynaldo Giudici. Giudici was an Italian born painter. The details of the uniform in his painting are really amazing. However, it must be taken into account that in his signature he says 98 (1898), and General Pacheco died in 1869.
This general was the military strategist for the Argentine Confederation. Note the bicorne that he uses has a French-style "Tulip - Tulipan shape" feather holder like those used on shakos and helmets. Below: Feather holders and illustrations by Jorge Fernando Rivas.
This general was the military strategist for the Argentine Confederation. Note the bicorne that he uses has a French-style "Tulip - Tulipan shape" feather holder like those used on shakos and helmets. Below: Feather holders and illustrations by Jorge Fernando Rivas.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington wearing his bicorne with feathers attached by a feather holder. In Europe, this type of bicorne was reserved for the highest grade in the official scale, such as field marshals. The rest of the officers used the classic bicorne with fur beaver skin all around the edges.
General Brigadier Juan Manuel de Rosas.
Argentine Confederation Officers: Daguerreotypes contemporaneous to the Battle of Caseros. They show the complete uniforms of Coronels Pedro Jose Diaz (Chief of the Infantry) and Hilario Lagos (Chief of Cavalry). The details of the uniforms and especially the bicornes are very important. Probably Colonel Martiniano Chilavert, (Head of the Artillery) had the same pattern. The uniform of Colonel Diaz (Independence War veteran), is typical of the infantry officers of the Confederation, burgundy colored, with lapel and cuffs in blue with white piping. The jacket is like French regulation of 1812, a model that continued with some modifications until circa 1840. It carries the laces of honor of its military campaigns from the War of Independence to Caseros. Colonel Hilario Lagos (Brazil War veteran), wears the typical Argentine blue uniform of superior officers.
Colonel's Diaz bicorn.
Daguerreotype of Admiral William Brown (Independence and Brazil War veteran). Note the early (Late 18th) naval cocked bicorn hat.
Admiral's Brown chapeau bras.
Amazing find in number 399 of the magazine "Caras y Caretas" from 1/4/1905. According to the magazine, this bicorn would have belonged to Brigadier General Lopez in 1858. Because of the position and shape of the stripes, it could have been a model of the Royal Navy of the 19th century, for Rear Admiral. Unfortunately the photo is not good quality to see more details.
Left: Gral Justo Jose de Urquiza.Right: Gral Prudencio Ortiz de Rozas.
Caras y Caretas 1899. Objects and personal belongings from General Urquiza. You can see garments of the most diverse origins, especially French ones, such as the bicorn model 1852 of General of the Second Empire.
Gral E. Martinez. Daguerreotype
In the photo, the captured uniform of Lieutenant Colonel of the Peruvian Army, which former Argentine President Roque Saenz Peña used when he served as a volunteer between 1879 and 1884. The bicorn seems to be a French model from 1852, and probably the rest of the clothing is also of the same origin.
Roque Saenz Peña, was the son of former President Luis Saenz Peña (1892 - 1895). Roque left the National Guard of Buenos Aires with the rank of commander, for political reasons and to join as a volunteer in the army of Peru, during the war of the Pacific. He became a prisoner and was transferred to the capital of Chile for six months. At the request of his family and the mediation of the Argentine government, a council of war was avoided because of his status as a foreign fighter. Upon his return to Argentina he was returned the nationality (lost after joining the army of another country) and was engaged in politics. Meanwhile, in Peru he was considered a National Hero and in 1885 he was promoted to Colonel. In 1910 he became President of Argentina and at the same time was General of the Army Brigadier General of Peru (promoted by the Peruvian Congress in 1905). In the photo an official of the Museum of the Chilean Capital (who also had been a veteran of that war), giving a last look at the trophies of war, before being returned to Roque, when he was already President of Argentina. Photo: Caras y Caretas of 1910.
Roque Saenz Peña, was the son of former President Luis Saenz Peña (1892 - 1895). Roque left the National Guard of Buenos Aires with the rank of commander, for political reasons and to join as a volunteer in the army of Peru, during the war of the Pacific. He became a prisoner and was transferred to the capital of Chile for six months. At the request of his family and the mediation of the Argentine government, a council of war was avoided because of his status as a foreign fighter. Upon his return to Argentina he was returned the nationality (lost after joining the army of another country) and was engaged in politics. Meanwhile, in Peru he was considered a National Hero and in 1885 he was promoted to Colonel. In 1910 he became President of Argentina and at the same time was General of the Army Brigadier General of Peru (promoted by the Peruvian Congress in 1905). In the photo an official of the Museum of the Chilean Capital (who also had been a veteran of that war), giving a last look at the trophies of war, before being returned to Roque, when he was already President of Argentina. Photo: Caras y Caretas of 1910.
French pattern model 1872:
Gral Eustaquio Frias.
Gral Julio Roca by Jenaro Perez.
